[192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. [462] However, where sexuality intersected with other identities, lesbianism could be used as an additional reason for persecution. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. [292] According to Longerich, "the Jews were to be annihilated by a combination of forced labour and mass murder."[294]. WebHow many people died during the Holocaust? [144] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead. p. 281. Those were not empty words. So many died that the marches were stopped. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. The damage was estimated at 39million Reichsmark. [436] While the long-term goal of Nazi Germany was removal of Jews from occupied Poland, in the initial months of occupation the SS predominantly directed physical violence towards ethnic Poles, arresting and executing educated elites in an attempt to prevent the development of organized resistance. [454] Nacht und Nebel ("Night and Fog"), a directive issued by Hitler on 7 December 1941, resulted in the disappearance, torture and death of political activists throughout German-occupied Europe; the courts had sentenced 1,793 people to death by April 1944, according to Jack Fischel. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [198] German propaganda portrayed the conflict as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism, and as a racial war between the Germans and the Jewish, Romani, and Slavic Untermenschen ("sub-humans"). The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners [268] Around 8,500 Jews were deported in all. [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". [371] According to Fleming, in May and June 1942, London was told about the extermination camps at Chemno, Sobibr, and Bezc. In early 1943, new gas chambers and crematoria were built to accommodate the numbers. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war account for a major portion. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). [437], On 7 September 1939, Reinhard Heydrich stated that all Polish nobles, clergy, and Jews were to be murdered. Drive the female Jews into the swamps. [229] Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor") was a policy; camp inmates would literally be worked to death, or to physical exhaustion, at which point they would be gassed or shot. [85] Overall, the number of mentally and physically disabled people murdered was about 150,000. [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah,[a] was the genocide of European Jews during World WarII. WebOn the eve of the German occupation of Poland in 1939, 3.3 million Jews lived there. [226] Large numbers of Jews were not sent there until after Kristallnacht in November 1938. [4] By the spring or summer of 1942, gas chambers had been installed in these new facilities, except for Chemno, which used gas vans. [197], Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe the beginning of a calamity that defies description". [223] Longerich wrote in 2010 that the gradual increase in brutality and numbers killed between July and September 1941 suggests there was "no particular order". [100] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. The continuous presence of state institutions thereby prevented the Jewish communities' complete destruction. [42] The experiments, which took place at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrck, and Sachsenhausen, sought to uncover strategies to counteract chemical weapons, survive harsh environments, develop new vaccines and drugs and treat wounds. [321] Almost all arrivals at Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka were sent directly to the gas chambers,[322] with individuals occasionally selected to replace dead workers. They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and [325], At Auschwitz, after the chambers were filled, the doors were shut and pellets of Zyklon-B were dropped into the chambers through vents,[326] releasing toxic prussic acid. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. Where they came from and how they came to me was really none of my business. German pharmaceutical companies tested drugs on camp prisoners; other companies built the crematoria. [46][j], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [451] In Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, the Roma were subject to restrictions on movement and confinement to collection camps,[452] while in Eastern Europe they were sent to concentration camps, where large numbers were murdered. [125], The Wehrmacht in Poland was accompanied by seven SS Einsatzgruppen der Sicherheitspolitizei ("special task forces of the Security Police") and an Einsatzkommando, numbering 3,000 men in all, whose role was to deal with "all anti-German elements in hostile country behind the troops in combat". [123], Between 2.7 and 3million Polish Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, out of a population of 3.33.5 million. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. [34] Eberhard Jckel wrote in 1986 that it was the first time a state had thrown its power behind the idea that an entire people should be wiped out. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. "[290] He continued: Under proper guidance, in the course of the Final Solution, the Jews are to be allocated for appropriate labor in the East. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. [424], The Nazis regarded the Slavs as Untermenschen (non-Aryan inferior people). [110] At least 90 Jews were murdered. [212], Notable massacres include the July 1941 Ponary massacre near Vilnius (Soviet Lithuania), in which Einsatgruppe B and Lithuanian collaborators shot at least 70,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and 8,000 Russians. [291] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. [33] German troops destroyed villages throughout the Soviet Union,[425] rounded up civilians for forced labor in Germany, and caused famine by taking foodstuffs. Groups of Jews were forced by the crowd to watch their synagogues burn; in Bensheim they were made to dance around it and in Laupheim to kneel before it. Another 2,396 were deported and 2,257 killed that autumn during an uprising, and 13,500 were deported between October 1944 and March 1945. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company. [76] On 14 July 1933, the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (Gesetz zur Verhtung erbkranken Nachwuchses), the Sterilization Law, was passed. [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. Many men and women were also involuntarily sterilized. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [87] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[88] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. [347] The Germans said that 14,000 Jews had been killed7000 during the fighting and 7000 sent to Treblinka[348]and between 53,000[349] and 56,000 deported. [e] The biblical term shoah (Hebrew: ), meaning "calamity" (and also used to refer to "destruction" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the murder of the European Jews. "Racial" enemies could never belong to the Volksgemeinschaft; they were to be removed from society. [210] Traveling with nine German Order Police battalions and three units of the Waffen-SS,[211] the Einsatzgruppen and their local collaborators had murdered almost 500,000 people by the winter of 19411942. For other uses, see, Dining room in which the conference took place, German extermination and concentration camps built in, Women on their way to the gas chamber, near Crematorium V, Auschwitz II, August 1944. [238] Romanian antisemitic legislation was not an attempt to placate the Germans, but rather entirely home-grown, preceding German hegemony and Nazi Germany itself. [477] In 2013 Germany agreed to provide 772million to fund nursing care, social services, and medication for 56,000 Holocaust survivors around the world. After opposition from both the government and public, eight non-Finnish Jews were deported in late 1942; only one survived the war. Eichmann's trial revived interest in war criminals and the Holocaust in general. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [70] Jewish students were restricted by quotas from attending schools and universities. [264] Most Italian Jews, over 40,000, survived the Holocaust. [227] After war broke out in 1939, new camps were established, many outside Germany in occupied Europe. [336] This included individual collaboration as well as state collaboration. 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